Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) Test
In about 7 minutes, it helps clarify subtle and overt emotional abuse and the psychological impact in a relationship. Use it to gauge severity, track change over time, and support safer next steps.
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How the Scales are Structured
DATA-BASED USER COHORTS
Who Usually Takes This Test?
BASED ON AGGREGATED, ANONYMIZED DATA FROM TENS OF THOUSANDS OF FREUDLY USERS.
RESULTS YOU CAN ACTUALLY USE
What You’ll See After You Finish the Test
Benchmarking
See How You Compare
Once you finish the test, your results will be compared with real-world data from people in your country.
Below is a preview of the benchmarks we use to place your score in context.
Below is a preview of the benchmarks we use to place your score in context.
Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SoCaOEA)
Average
78.9
Normal range
49.7 — 108.1
min.
0
max.
175
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
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CLEAR ANSWERS TO COMMON QUESTIONS
Frequently Asked Questions
What does this questionnaire measure?
It measures the frequency of covert and overt emotionally abusive partner behaviors. It captures subtle actions (such as ignoring or condescension) and explicit actions (such as insults or devaluation).
Who is this questionnaire intended for?
It is intended for adult women in couple relationships. It is designed for use in research or clinical settings where emotional abuse is being assessed.
How long does it take and how many items are included?
Estimated completion time is about 7 minutes. The questionnaire includes 35 items.
How should the items be answered?
Each item is rated based on how often the described partner behavior occurs. Responses should reflect typical experiences over a relevant recent period.
How are results used and what do they mean?
Scores indicate the overall level of emotional abuse and can be compared across time points to track change. Results support assessment and case formulation but do not provide a diagnosis.
WHAT THE TEST MEASURES
About This Assessment
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Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) Test - Symptoms and Signs
This measure is designed to assess experiences of emotional abuse within an intimate relationship, with attention to both subtle and more explicit forms. The Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) asks respondents to rate the frequency of specific partner behaviors that may reflect psychological mistreatment.
The instrument includes 35 items and typically takes about 7 minutes to complete. Items reflect a range of potentially abusive behaviors (e.g., dismissive or ignoring responses, put-downs, devaluation, and overt insults) and can support clinical screening, case formulation, and monitoring change over time. The Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) was developed by Marshall, L.
Author: Marshall, L.
Literature: Marshall, L. L. Psychological abuse in intimate relationships: A review of existing measures. Journal of Family Violence. 1999.
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