Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) Test
In about 7 minutes, it helps clarify subtle and overt emotional abuse and the psychological impact in a relationship. Use it to gauge severity, track change over time, and support safer next steps.
08:30
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How the Scales are Structured
DATA-BASED USER COHORTS
Who Usually Takes This Test?
BASED ON AGGREGATED, ANONYMIZED DATA FROM TENS OF THOUSANDS OF FREUDLY USERS.
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See How You Compare
Once you complete the test, your results are compared with real-world data from people in your country.
Below is a preview of how scores are typically distributed across each scale.
Below is a preview of how scores are typically distributed across each scale.
Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SoCaOEA)
Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SoCaOEA)
Average
78.9
Normal range
49.7 — 108.1
min.
0
max.
175
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear on the scale so you can see how you compare.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear on the scale so you can see how you compare.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Example Questions From the Test
Most of these situations can occur in any relationship. Your partner may do these things in an affectionate, playful, or serious manner. Select the response option on the scale that best reflects how often this occurs.
- Never
- A couple of times
- Rarely
- Sometimes
- Often
- All the time
- Never
- A couple of times
- Rarely
- Sometimes
- Often
- Constantly
- Never
- A couple of times
- Rarely
- Sometimes
- Often
- Constantly
WHAT THE TEST MEASURES
About This Assessment
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Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) Test - Symptoms and Signs
This measure is designed to assess experiences of emotional abuse within an intimate relationship, with attention to both subtle and more explicit forms. The Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) asks respondents to rate the frequency of specific partner behaviors that may reflect psychological mistreatment.
The instrument includes 35 items and typically takes about 7 minutes to complete. Items reflect a range of potentially abusive behaviors (e.g., dismissive or ignoring responses, put-downs, devaluation, and overt insults) and can support clinical screening, case formulation, and monitoring change over time. The Scale of Covert and Overt Emotional Abuse (SOPAS) was developed by Marshall, L.
Author: Marshall, L.
Literature: Marshall, L. L. Psychological abuse in intimate relationships: A review of existing measures. Journal of Family Violence. 1999.
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