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metaphors

Personal Death Metaphors (RDFS) Test

Take the online Personal Death Metaphors (RDFS) Test - AI psychologist FreudlyYou can take Personal Death Metaphors (RDFS) Testhere. Online version of a simple and accurate psychological test with interpretation.en
Understand the personal meaning you give to death through images and metaphors in about 4 minutes. Get fast, reliable insight into emotional themes, resources, and risks to guide therapy or research.
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Questions: 184 minutes
08:30
October 2, 2025
October 2, 2025
Material has been updated
October 2, 2025
Material has been published
32,288 views
3,802 completions
3,248 likes
Verified by Daniel Hall
Psychologist with 25 years of experience
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Scale Explorer

How the Scales are Structured

example score
17/36
Negative Metaphors (NM)
Measures the extent to which a person frames their own death through negative metaphors such as loss, ending, or destruction.
Low
Moderate
High
0 – 12: Low | 13 – 24: Moderate | 25 – 36: High
A score of 17 falls in the Moderate range, suggesting a noticeable but not dominant tendency to associate one’s own death with negative images like loss or finality.
example score
23/36
Positive Metaphors (PM)
Measures how strongly a person uses positive, accepting metaphors (e.g., transition or liberation) when reflecting on their own death.
Low positive imagery
Moderate positive imagery
High positive imagery
0 – 12: Low positive imagery | 13 – 24: Moderate positive imagery | 25 – 36: High positive imagery
A score of 23 falls in the Moderate positive imagery range, suggesting a generally accepting view of death with positive metaphors present but not dominant.
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DATA-BASED USER COHORTS

Who Usually Takes This Test?

Self-reflection seekers
41%OF USERS
People who want to understand what story they tell themselves about death and how it shapes their emotions and choices.
Clients in life transitions
34%OF USERS
People going through illness, loss, aging concerns, or major change who want a gentler way to explore end-of-life meaning.
Therapists and researchers
25%OF USERS
Professionals who need a quick, structured tool to discuss death-related attitudes and identify potential resources or risks.
BASED ON AGGREGATED, ANONYMIZED DATA FROM TENS OF THOUSANDS OF FREUDLY USERS.
Benchmarking

See How You Compare

Once you complete the test, your results are compared with real-world data from people in your country.
Below is a preview of how scores are typically distributed across each scale.
Negative metaphors (Nm)
Negative metaphors (Nm)
Average
23
Normal range
18.6 — 27.4
min.
0
max.
36
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear on the scale so you can see how you compare.
Positive metaphors (Pm)
Positive metaphors (Pm)
Average
19.7
Normal range
14.7 — 24.6
min.
0
max.
36
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear on the scale so you can see how you compare.
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SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Example Questions From the Test

Many people, from time to time, have experiences related to themes of life and death. Below are several metaphors (or images) that people use to describe their understanding of their own death. Please rate the extent to which each metaphor may describe your perspective on your own death. For each metaphor, select the response option that most accurately reflects your judgment: • Does not describe at all how I might think about my own death • Does not describe how I might think about my own death • I cannot decide whether it describes or does not describe how I might think about my own death • Describes to some extent how I might think about my own death • Describes quite accurately how I might think about my own death
    • Does not describe at all
    • Does not describe
    • I cannot decide whether it describes or does not describe
    • Describes to some extent
    • Describes quite accurately
    • Does not describe at all
    • Does not describe
    • I cannot decide whether it describes or does not describe
    • Describes to some extent
    • Describes quite accurately
    • Does not describe at all
    • Does not describe
    • I cannot decide whether it describes or does not describe
    • Describes to some extent
    • Describes quite accurately
These are 3 of the 18 real questions — the rest appear in the test. No sign-up needed to start.
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WHAT THE TEST MEASURES
About This Assessment
Metaphors of Personal Death, RDFS Test

Personal Death Metaphors (RDFS) Test - Symptoms and Signs

metaphors
attitude toward death

Attitudes toward one’s own death can be explored through the metaphoric meanings a person uses to organize thoughts and feelings; Personal Death Metaphors (RDFS) provides a brief, structured way to elicit these themes. The measure asks respondents to consider their own death and endorse metaphors that best reflect their subjective experience.

The instrument consists of 18 items and typically takes about 4 minutes to complete. Responses are used to characterize dominant symbolic framings (e.g., death as transition, release, or loss) and the relative valence of these images, which may inform clinical formulation, risk/resource discussions, and research on meaning-making processes around mortality.

Personal Death Metaphors (RDFS) is commonly cited in the meaning reconstruction literature (Neimeyer) and is intended to support exploratory assessment rather than serve as a standalone diagnostic tool.

Author: Robert A. Neimeyer
Literature: Neimeyer, R. A. Death anxiety handbook: Research, instrumentation, and application. Taylor & Francis. 1994.
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