Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) Test

Understand how cognitive distortions shape thinking in schizophrenia in about 8 minutes. A 42-item scale pinpoints key bias patterns to guide care planning and track change over time.
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08:30
October 2, 2025
October 2, 2025
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How the Scales are Structured
example score
4/7
Avoidance Behavior (AB)
Measures the tendency to avoid situations or stimuli, which can limit engagement and adaptation.
Low
Moderate
High
02Low35Moderate67High
A score of 4 falls in the Moderate range, suggesting a noticeable tendency to avoid certain situations or stimuli that may interfere with everyday functioning.
example score
1/7
Thought Problems (TP)
Measures self-reported difficulties in attention, memory, and reasoning that can interfere with processing information and making decisions.
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Moderate
High
02Low35Moderate67High
A score of 1 falls in the Low range, suggesting minimal reported thinking-related difficulties on this scale.
example score
3/7
Difficulties Understanding Others (DUO)
This scale measures difficulty interpreting other people’s motives, emotions, and intentions in social situations.
Low difficulty
Moderate difficulty
High difficulty
02Low difficulty35Moderate difficulty67High difficulty
A score of 3 indicates a moderate level of difficulty understanding others, which may sometimes contribute to misunderstandings in interactions.
example score
3/7
External Attribution (EA)
Measures the tendency to explain events by attributing their causes to external factors or other people rather than to oneself or situational complexity.
Low
Moderate
High
02Low35Moderate67High
A score of 3 indicates a moderate tendency to attribute events to external causes, suggesting this bias is present but not pronounced on this scale.
example score
4/7
Attention to Threat (AtT)
Measures the tendency to selectively focus on potentially dangerous or negative cues in the environment.
Low
Moderate
High
02Low35Moderate67High
A score of 4 indicates a moderate tendency to notice potential threats more readily, which may be associated with increased vigilance to negative or suspicious cues.
example score
3/7
Belief Inflexibility (BI)
Assesses how inflexible a person is in revising beliefs when faced with new or contradictory information.
Low rigidity
Moderate rigidity
High rigidity
02Low rigidity35Moderate rigidity67High rigidity
A score of 3 indicates a moderate level of belief rigidity, suggesting some difficulty updating views in response to new evidence in certain situations.
example score
5/7
Jumping to Conclusions (JtC)
Measures the tendency to form judgments quickly based on limited information rather than weighing sufficient evidence.
Low
Moderate
High
02Low34Moderate57High
A score of 5 falls in the High range, suggesting a stronger tendency to reach conclusions quickly with less evidence than is typically needed.
example score
5/7
Total Score (TS)
Reflects the overall severity of cognitive biases and thinking/perception limitations associated with psychotic-like distortions.
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02Low34Moderate57High
A score of 5 falls in the High range, indicating a substantial overall level of cognitive distortions and related limitations.
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DATA-BASED USER COHORTS
Who Usually Takes This Test?
Clinicians in psychosis care
46%OF USERS
Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists use it to identify which thinking biases are driving psychotic symptoms and to guide treatment planning.
Schizophrenia-spectrum patients
34%OF USERS
People with schizophrenia or related conditions take it during assessment to map cognitive distortions that may affect perceptions and decisions.
Researchers and trainees
20%OF USERS
Students and researchers in clinical psychology or psychiatry use it for training, case formulation practice, or studies tracking cognitive biases over time.
BASED ON AGGREGATED, ANONYMIZED DATA FROM TENS OF THOUSANDS OF FREUDLY USERS.
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Avoidant Behavior (AB)
Average
2.4
Normal range
1.33.5
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Thinking Problems (TP)
Average
2.7
Normal range
1.63.8
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Problems Understanding Others (PUO)
Average
3
Normal range
1.94.2
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
External attribution (Ea)
Average
5
Normal range
3.76.2
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Attention to Threats (AtT)
Average
5
Normal range
3.86.2
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Rigidity of Beliefs (RoB)
Average
4.8
Normal range
3.75.8
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Hasty Conclusions (HC)
Average
2.6
Normal range
1.83.5
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
Overall Score (OS)
Average
4.2
Normal range
35.4
min.
0
max.
7
majority
This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.
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CLEAR ANSWERS TO COMMON QUESTIONS
Frequently Asked Questions

Any questions left?

What does this questionnaire measure?
It measures cognitive biases and distortions that can affect perception, interpretation, and reasoning in psychotic-spectrum conditions. Results indicate which bias patterns are most prominent.
Who is this questionnaire intended for?
It is intended for clinical assessment of individuals with schizophrenia or related conditions. It can be used to support case formulation and treatment planning.
How long does it take and what is the format?
It includes 42 items and typically takes about 8 minutes to complete. Items are answered as self-report statements reflecting everyday thinking and interpretation.
How should items be answered?
Select the response that best reflects usual thinking over a recent period, not a single unusual event. Answer all items and avoid spending excessive time on any one statement.
How are results used and interpreted?
Scores summarize the severity and profile of cognitive biases and can be monitored over time. Interpretation should be completed by a qualified clinician and considered alongside other clinical information.
WHAT THE TEST MEASURES
About This Assessment
Davos Cognitive Biases Scale, DACOBS Test

Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) Test

This self-report measure is used to assess cognitive bias patterns relevant to psychosis-spectrum presentations. The Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) supports a structured review of thinking and perceptual tendencies that may contribute to distress, misinterpretation of events, or symptom maintenance.

The questionnaire consists of 42 items and typically takes about 8 minutes to complete. Results are intended to inform clinical formulation and treatment planning and may be used to monitor change over time. Bibliographic source: psytests.org (2024). In clinical contexts, the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS) should be interpreted alongside diagnostic interview findings, symptom measures, and overall functional assessment rather than used as a stand-alone indicator.

Author: psytests.org (2024)
Literature: van der Gaag, M., Schütz, C., ten Napel, A., & De Hert, M. Development of the Davos Assessment of Cognitive Biases Scale (DACOBS). Schizophrenia Research. 2013.
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