Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) Test

Understand healthcare empathy and perspective taking in 4 minutes. Twenty items deliver clear, actionable insight for training, team development, and patient centered care.

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Questions: 204 minutes

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08:30

October 2, 2025

October 2, 2025
Material has been updated

October 2, 2025
Material has been published

25999 views

2712 completions

2271 likes

Scale Explorer

How the Scales are Structured

example score

6/14

In the Patient's Role (ItPR)

Measures the ability to adopt the patient’s perspective and understand their experiences in a healthcare context.

Limited perspective-taking

Developing perspective-taking

Strong perspective-taking

2 – 6: Limited perspective-taking | 7 – 10: Developing perspective-taking | 11 – 14: Strong perspective-taking

A score of 6 falls in the Limited perspective-taking range, suggesting the person may less consistently place themselves in the patient’s position when interpreting patient experiences.

example score

21/56

Compassionate Care (CC)

Measures willingness to show concern and compassion toward patients as an emotional component of empathy in healthcare interactions.

Lower compassionate care

Moderate compassionate care

Higher compassionate care

8 – 24: Lower compassionate care | 25 – 40: Moderate compassionate care | 41 – 56: Higher compassionate care

A score of 21 falls in the Lower compassionate care range, indicating a relatively reduced tendency to express compassionate concern for patients compared with higher scores on this scale.

example score

36/70

Assuming Responsibility (AR)

Measures readiness to take professional responsibility for a patient’s treatment and care as part of empathic practice in healthcare.

Lower responsibility

Moderate responsibility

High responsibility

10 – 29: Lower responsibility | 30 – 49: Moderate responsibility | 50 – 70: High responsibility

A score of 36 falls in the Moderate responsibility range, suggesting a generally present but inconsistently expressed tendency to take ownership of patient care and follow-through.

example score

70/140

Overall Empathy Index (OEI)

Measures the overall level of empathy in healthcare contexts, integrating understanding of patients’ experiences and compassionate responsiveness.

Lower empathy

Moderate empathy

Higher empathy

20 – 79: Lower empathy | 80 – 109: Moderate empathy | 110 – 140: Higher empathy

A score of 70 falls in the Lower empathy range, suggesting relatively limited overall empathic capacity compared with higher-scoring respondents in healthcare settings.

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DATA-BASED USER COHORTS

Who Usually Takes This Test?

Medical students and residents

41%OF USERS

They take it to understand their bedside manner early and spot empathy skills to strengthen during training.

Practicing doctors and nurses

35%OF USERS

They use it to check how well they understand patients’ experiences and improve communication in daily care.

Healthcare psychologists and trainers

24%OF USERS

They administer it to assess empathy in staff groups and tailor coaching or support programs.

BASED ON AGGREGATED, ANONYMIZED DATA FROM TENS OF THOUSANDS OF FREUDLY USERS.

RESULTS YOU CAN ACTUALLY USE

What You’ll See After You Finish the Test

Scale Results
— Explained Clearly

Your scores across each test scale, translated into plain, usable insights. Not just numbers, but what they actually mean for your daily life, emotional state, and overall well-being.

AI-Powered
Interpretation

A structured, clinically grounded explanation. Our AI analyzes patterns and relationships between scales to provide a coherent interpretation — without alarmist language.

Statistical
Comparison

See how you compare to others. Your scores are placed in a statistical context, showing percentiles and trends based on anonymized platform data to help you understand what`s typical.

Practical
Recommendations

Actionable guidance tailored to your profile. Receive clear, realistic suggestions you can apply immediately — focused on coping, self-regulation, and realistic next steps.

AI-Detected
Insights

Key patterns you might not notice on your own. Surfacing subtle connections in your responses that help you better understand what may be driving your current results.

Discuss with
an AI Psychologist

Clarify, reflect, and explore right away. Talk through your outcomes, ask questions, and explore meanings in a calm, non-diagnostic dialogue environment.

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Used in 52+ countries

Benchmarking

See How You Compare

Once you finish the test, your results will be compared with real-world data from people in your country.
Below is a preview of the benchmarks we use to place your score in context.

In the role of the patient (Itrotp)

Average

6.9

Normal range

4.7 — 9.2

min.

max.

majority

This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.

Compassionate Care (CC)

Average

20.6

Normal range

12.5 — 28.7

min.

max.

majority

This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.

Taking Responsibility (TR)

Average

Normal range

27 — 43

min.

max.

majority

This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.

Overall Empathy Index (OEI)

Average

69.1

Normal range

53.8 — 84.3

min.

max.

140

majority

This curve shows how scores are typically distributed.
Once you complete the test, your result will appear here so you can see where you land.

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CLEAR ANSWERS TO COMMON QUESTIONS

Frequently Asked Questions

Any questions left?

What does this questionnaire measure?

It measures empathy in healthcare as a cognitive skill. It focuses on understanding a patient’s perspective and using that understanding in clinical care.

Who is this questionnaire intended for?

It is intended for healthcare professionals and trainees whose roles involve patient communication and support. It may be used with physicians, nurses, psychologists, and related clinical staff.

How long does it take to complete and how many items are included?

Completion typically takes about 4 minutes. The questionnaire includes 20 items.

How should items be answered?

Read each statement and select the response that best reflects usual practice or typical attitudes. Answer all items and avoid spending excessive time on any one item.

How are results interpreted?

Responses are summed to produce an overall empathy score, with higher scores indicating higher empathy in clinical contexts. Results are intended for training, feedback, and program evaluation rather than diagnosis.

WHAT THE TEST MEASURES

About This Assessment

Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) Test

empathy medical staff

In clinical and training settings, it is often useful to characterize empathic orientation in health care interactions. The Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) is a brief self-report measure designed to assess empathy as a predominantly cognitive attribute relevant to patient care.

The instrument focuses on understanding a patient’s experiences and perspectives and maintaining a helping intention while preserving appropriate professional boundaries. It contains 20 items and typically requires about 4 minutes to complete. The measure was developed by Mohammadreza Hojat.

Scores from the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (JSE) may be used to support educational feedback, program evaluation, and research on clinician–patient communication, and should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical, training, or organizational information.

Author: Mohammadreza Hojat

Literature: Davis, M. H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1983.; Hojat, M., Mangione, S., Nasca, T. J., Cohen, M. J. M., Gonnella, J. S., Erdmann, J. B., Veloski, J. J., & Magee, M. The Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy: Development and preliminary psychometric data. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 2001.

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