Classical Conditioning Quiz

1. Two groups experience the same number of tone-food pairings. In Group A, food almost never appears without the tone; in Group B, food often appears without it. Group A learns a stronger tone response. What best explains the difference?

2. A dog learns that a 1,000-Hz tone predicts food but that a 700-Hz tone does not. It salivates to the first tone and not the second. What has the dog learned?

3. Which scenario is primarily an example of operant conditioning rather than classical conditioning?

4. A conditioned fear response fades during extinction. The next day, the response briefly returns when the conditioned stimulus appears again. What does this illustrate?

5. Before any training, food placed in a dog's mouth produces salivation. How should that salivation be classified?

6. A metronome is played many times with no consequence. When researchers later pair it with food, conditioning develops more slowly than it does for a new sound. Which phenomenon is shown?

7. Someone becomes nauseated several hours after eating a distinctive food and later feels queasy at its smell, even though the delay was long. Which learning effect does this example illustrate?

8. A child is frightened by one barking dog and later becomes anxious around several dogs that look similar. Which process best explains the reaction to the other dogs?

9. A tone has been conditioned to predict food. The tone is then presented repeatedly without food, and salivation gradually decreases. Which process is occurring?

10. After conditioning, a bell presented without food causes a dog to salivate. What is the salivation to the bell?

11. A person who feels anxious around dogs repeatedly views calm dogs while enjoying a favorite treat and practicing relaxation. The goal is to connect dogs with a response incompatible with anxiety. Which procedure is being used?

12. What defines an unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

13. A dog hears a tone immediately before receiving food. After repeated pairings, the tone alone makes the dog salivate. What is the conditioned stimulus?

14. People tend to develop conditioned fear of evolutionarily relevant threats, such as snakes, more readily than fear of neutral objects that receive similar pairings. Which concept addresses this tendency?

15. A tone is first paired with food until it elicits salivation. A light is then repeatedly presented just before the tone, without food accompanying the light directly. Eventually, the light elicits salivation. What is this called?

16. A tone already reliably predicts food. Researchers then present a light together with the tone before food. Later, the light alone produces little response. Which effect best explains the weak learning about the light?